Multiresponse Performance Evaluation and Life Cycle Assessment for the Optimal Elimination of Pb (II) from Industrial Wastewater by Adsorption Using Vine Shoot Activated Carbon

Excess Pb (II) concentrations in wastewater have raised concerns of a risk to health and the environment due their toxicity. This has contributed need for sustainable technology remove heavy metals from wastewater. Biosorption provides potential contribution solution. study proposes cost-effective method lead ions through use activated carbon vine shoots as biosorbent. However, economic cost environmental impact are aspects that necessary study. research suggests life cycle assessment multiresponse surface with desirability functions improve optimize biosorption process. The experiments were conducted using Box–Behnken design (BBD) combined method. Three input variables considered. They initial concentration, pH, amount shoots. These most significant adsorption process variables. final concentration was considered output variable. Human toxicity, global warming, abiotic depletion (fossil fuel), marine aquatic ecotoxicity, freshwater ecotoxicity regarded impacts. Four optimization scenarios proposed these methods. maximum removal 92.12%, whereas 92.09% removed when minimum dose shoot used. In contrast, 52.62% case minimal impact.